TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM ALGORITMA AI DALAM TRANSAKSI EKONOMI DIGITAL: ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP WANPRESTASI OTOMATIS DAN PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DI PLATFORM E-COMMERCE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19691363Keywords:
legal liability, artificial intelligence, automated breach of contract, consumer protection, e-commerce, AI algorithms, digital transactionsAbstract
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) in digital economic transactions has given rise to a new legal phenomenon known as ‘automatic breach of contract’, namely the failure to fulfil contractual obligations resulting from algorithmic decisions without direct human intervention. This study aims to analyse the legal liability of AI algorithms in e-commerce transactions and the effectiveness of consumer protection against risks posed by AI-based automated systems. Employing a normative legal research method with a literature review approach, this study analyses Indonesian legislation, legal doctrine, and relevant literature. The findings indicate that legal liability for automatic breach of contract remains with the e-commerce platform operator as the operator of an electronic system under Law No. 19 of 2016 on Information and Electronic Transactions in conjunction with Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, with the application of the principle of strict liability (strict liability) analogous to Article 1367 of the Civil Code. However, consumer protection remains hampered by a lack of specific regulations regarding algorithmic transparency, evidentiary mechanisms, and the accountability of automated systems, leaving consumers vulnerable to price discrimination, behavioural manipulation, and data privacy breaches. This study recommends comprehensive regulatory updates through amendments to Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection or a dedicated AI regulation establishing obligations regarding transparency, independent algorithmic audits, the reversal of the burden of proof, and the strengthening of consumer protection agencies’ capacity to ensure justice and legal certainty within Indonesia’s digital economy ecosystem.
Downloads
References
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020). The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(1), 25–35.
Act, E. A. I. (2024). The eu artificial intelligence act. European Union. https://www.wsgr.com/a/web/qrkz1SnNzWw6nk7B3oAyDa/10-things-you-should-know-about-the-eu-artificial-intelligence-act_v2.pdf
Beverley-Smith, H., Ohly, A., & Lucas-Schloetter, A. (2005). Privacy, Property and Personality: Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation. Cambridge University Press.
Eliyah, E., & Aslan, A. (2025). STAKE’S EVALUATION MODEL: METODE PENELITIAN. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Indonesia, 3(2), Article 2.
Ma’unah, I., Musyarofah, S., Zahra, A. F. Z. A., & Agrariyanti, Y. (2025). Pancasila dan Artificial Intelligence: Analisis Etis atas Regulasi AI di Indonesia: Pancasila and Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Analysis of AI Regulations in Indonesia. LITERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mutidisiplin, 2(5), 718–746.
Myeong, S., Park, J., & Lee, M. (2022). Research Models and Methodologies on the Smart City: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(3), 1687. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031687
Okuno, M. J., & Okuno, H. G. (2025). Legal frameworks for AI service business participants: A comparative analysis of liability protection across jurisdictions. AI & SOCIETY, 40(7), 5667–5683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9
Plan, S. (2016). The national artificial intelligence research and development strategic plan. National Science and Technology Council, Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Subcommittee. http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/cheng1/docs/ai-eop-oct16.pdf
Ravizki, E. N., & Yudhantaka, L. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Subjek Hukum: Tinjauan Konseptual dan Tantangan Pengaturan di Indonesia. Notaire, 5(3). https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/NTR/article/download/39063/22918
Roemmich, K., Rosenberg, T., Fan, S., & Andalibi, N. (2023). Values in Emotion Artificial Intelligence Hiring Services: Technosolutions to Organizational Problems. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., 7(CSCW1), 109:1-109:28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3579543
Sulistio, F., & Salsabilla, A. D. (2023). Pertanggungjawaban pada Tindak Pidana yang Dilakukan Agen Otonom Artificial Intelegence. UNES Law Review, 6(2), 5479–5490. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v6i2.1209
Syahronny, M. R., & Dewayanto, T. (2024). PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DAN BLOCKCHAIN DALAM MENDETEKSI FRAUD PADA PROSES AUDIT: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 13(3). https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/46067
Winata, T., & Adhari, A. (2024). Dasar Kriteria Dalam Menentukan Adanya Penipuan Dan Wanprestasi Dalam Yurisprudensi Mahkamah Agung Nomor No.4/Yur/Pid/2018. UNES Law Review, 6(4), 10643–10650. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v6i4.2026
Wintara, D., & Fitriani, A. (2025). Implementasi Model Manajemen Bisnis Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan dalam Kepatuhan terhadap Regulasi Hukum Digital. Cyberlaw : Journal of Digital Cyberlaw, 1(1), 7–12.
Wiriani, E., Maknuni, J., Puspita, E. A., & Masitah, M. (2025). Peran Artificial Intelligence dalam Mitigasi Risiko Transaksi Mobile Banking: Tinjauan Governansi dan Etika Data. Journal of Trends Economics and Accounting Research, 6(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.47065/jtear.v6i1.2223
Yahman. (2017). Karakteristik Wanprestasi & Tindak Pidana Penipuan. Prenada Media.
Yudha, Sahril, I., & Atmadja3, D. A. R. W. (2025). Perlindungan Data Pribadi Konsumen, Dokumen dan Tanda Tangan Elektronik yang Dipergunakan oleh Pihak Ketiga dalam Transaksi E-Commerce. CENDEKIA : Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmiah, 2(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.62335/cendekia.v2i2.897
Zeng, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence and China’s authoritarian governance. International Affairs, 96(6), 1441–1459. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa172
Badan Perlindungan Konsumen Nasional. (2024). BPKN tekankan penguatan perlindungan konsumen di era AI dan implementasi ODR. https://bpkn.go.id
BPKN. (2024). Digitalisasi dan kehadiran AI membuat perlindungan konsumen semakin kompleks. Badan Perlindungan Konsumen Nasional. https://bpkn.go.id
Mahkamah Agung RI. (2025). Menakar pertanggungjawaban artificial intelligence. MariNews. https://marinews.mahkamahagung.go.id
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2016). Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2016 Nomor 251.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik. Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2019 Nomor 187.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 tentang Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik. Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2019 Nomor 187.
